"pik" meaning in All languages combined

See pik on Wiktionary

Noun [Afrikaans]

  1. Manchot, pingouin.
    Sense id: fr-pik-af-noun-t8SkRzsF Categories (other): Exemples en afrikaans, Exemples en afrikaans à traduire, Oiseaux en afrikaans Topics: ornithology
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Verb [Allemand]

IPA: \piːk\, piːk Audio: De-pik.ogg
  1. Deuxième personne du singulier de l’impératif présent de piken. Form of: piken
    Sense id: fr-pik-de-verb-~9a63Hgz
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Noun [Breton]

IPA: \ˈpikː\, \ˈpikːu\ Forms: pikoù [plural, unmutated], bik [singular, mutation-soft], bikoù [plural, mutation-soft], fik [singular, mutation-spirant], fikoù [plural, mutation-spirant]
  1. Point.
    Sense id: fr-pik-br-noun-mpbaAeir
  2. Tache.
    Sense id: fr-pik-br-noun-0AO9d5hg
  3. Piquant.
    Sense id: fr-pik-br-noun-kVEmw5dU
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Noms communs en breton, Breton

Noun [Maya yucatèque]

  1. Punaise.
    Sense id: fr-pik-yua-noun-cdXz6El2 Categories (other): Insectes en maya yucatèque Topics: entomology
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Noun [Néerlandais]

Audio: Nl-pik.ogg
  1. Bite, zob. Tags: slang
    Sense id: fr-pik-nl-noun-NmWsdN1X Categories (other): Termes argotiques en néerlandais
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: jongeheer, leuter, lid, lul, piemel, plasser, snikkel

Noun [Polonais]

IPA: \pʲik\ Audio: LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pik.wav
  1. Pic, sommet.
    Sense id: fr-pik-pl-noun--YmKEzbv Categories (other): Exemples en polonais, Exemples en polonais à traduire, Lexique en polonais de la géographie Topics: geography
  2. Pique.
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: wino Derived forms: pikowy

Noun [Tchèque]

Forms: piky [plural, nominative], piku [singular, genitive], piků [plural, genitive], piku [singular, dative], pikům [plural, dative], piky [plural, accusative], piku [singular, vocative], piky [plural, vocative], piku [singular, locative], picích [plural, locative], pikem [singular, instrumental], piky [plural, instrumental]
  1. Pique.
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: pikový
{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Apocopes en afrikaans",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en afrikaans",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Afrikaans",
      "orig": "afrikaans",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Apocope de pikkewyn."
  ],
  "lang": "Afrikaans",
  "lang_code": "af",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en afrikaans",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en afrikaans à traduire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Oiseaux en afrikaans",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Roelof Frederik Botha, dit Pik Botha."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Manchot, pingouin."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-af-noun-t8SkRzsF",
      "topics": [
        "ornithology"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Formes de verbes en allemand",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Allemand",
      "orig": "allemand",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Allemand",
  "lang_code": "de",
  "pos": "verb",
  "pos_title": "Forme de verbe",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "piken"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deuxième personne du singulier de l’impératif présent de piken."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-de-verb-~9a63Hgz"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\piːk\\"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-pik.ogg",
      "ipa": "piːk",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/De-pik.ogg/De-pik.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/De-pik.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Berlin"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "form-of"
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en breton",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Breton",
      "orig": "breton",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "pikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "unmutated"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bik",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fik",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "mutation-spirant"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "mutation-spirant"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Breton",
  "lang_code": "br",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Point."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-br-noun-mpbaAeir"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Tache."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-br-noun-0AO9d5hg"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Piquant."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-br-noun-kVEmw5dU"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\ˈpikː\\"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "\\ˈpikːu\\"
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "masculine",
    "plural"
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en maya yucatèque",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Maya yucatèque",
      "orig": "maya yucatèque",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Maya yucatèque",
  "lang_code": "yua",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Insectes en maya yucatèque",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Punaise."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-yua-noun-cdXz6El2",
      "topics": [
        "entomology"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Lemmes en néerlandais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mots reconnus par 96 % des Flamands",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mots reconnus par 98 % des Néerlandais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en néerlandais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Néerlandais",
      "orig": "néerlandais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Néerlandais",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Termes argotiques en néerlandais",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Bite, zob."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-nl-noun-NmWsdN1X",
      "tags": [
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Nl-pik.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Nl-pik.ogg/Nl-pik.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nl-pik.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Pays-Bas"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "jongeheer"
    },
    {
      "word": "leuter"
    },
    {
      "word": "lid"
    },
    {
      "word": "lul"
    },
    {
      "word": "piemel"
    },
    {
      "word": "plasser"
    },
    {
      "word": "snikkel"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mots en polonais issus d’un mot en français",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en polonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Polonais",
      "orig": "polonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "pikowy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Du français pic ou pique."
  ],
  "lang": "Polonais",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "raw_tags": [
    "masculin inanimé"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en polonais",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en polonais à traduire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Lexique en polonais de la géographie",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Szczytem marzeń każdego alpinisty jest zdobycie Piku Komunizmu."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pic, sommet."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-pl-noun--YmKEzbv",
      "topics": [
        "geography"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en polonais",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en polonais à traduire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Lexique en polonais des cartes à jouer",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Miałem w ręku pięć pików."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pique."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-pl-noun-9LMCzfI1",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Cartes à jouer"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\pʲik\\"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pik.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Będzin (Pologne)"
      ],
      "wav_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pik.wav"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "wino"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Lemmes en tchèque",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mots en tchèque issus d’un mot en français",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Noms communs en tchèque",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Tchèque",
      "orig": "tchèque",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "pikový"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Du français pique."
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piků",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikům",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "accusative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "picích",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikem",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tchèque",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "raw_tags": [
    "masculin inanimé"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en tchèque",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Exemples en tchèque à traduire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Lexique en tchèque des cartes à jouer",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "měl v ruce jen piky a kule."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pique."
      ],
      "id": "fr-pik-cs-noun-9LMCzfI1",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Cartes à jouer"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Apocopes en afrikaans",
    "Noms communs en afrikaans",
    "afrikaans"
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Apocope de pikkewyn."
  ],
  "lang": "Afrikaans",
  "lang_code": "af",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Exemples en afrikaans",
        "Exemples en afrikaans à traduire",
        "Oiseaux en afrikaans"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Roelof Frederik Botha, dit Pik Botha."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Manchot, pingouin."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ornithology"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Formes de verbes en allemand",
    "allemand"
  ],
  "lang": "Allemand",
  "lang_code": "de",
  "pos": "verb",
  "pos_title": "Forme de verbe",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "piken"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deuxième personne du singulier de l’impératif présent de piken."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\piːk\\"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-pik.ogg",
      "ipa": "piːk",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/De-pik.ogg/De-pik.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/De-pik.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Berlin"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "form-of"
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Noms communs en breton",
    "breton"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "pikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "unmutated"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bik",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fik",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "mutation-spirant"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fikoù",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "mutation-spirant"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Breton",
  "lang_code": "br",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Point."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Tache."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Piquant."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\ˈpikː\\"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "\\ˈpikːu\\"
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "masculine",
    "plural"
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Noms communs en maya yucatèque",
    "maya yucatèque"
  ],
  "lang": "Maya yucatèque",
  "lang_code": "yua",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Insectes en maya yucatèque"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Punaise."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "entomology"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Lemmes en néerlandais",
    "Mots reconnus par 96 % des Flamands",
    "Mots reconnus par 98 % des Néerlandais",
    "Noms communs en néerlandais",
    "néerlandais"
  ],
  "lang": "Néerlandais",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Termes argotiques en néerlandais"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Bite, zob."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Nl-pik.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Nl-pik.ogg/Nl-pik.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nl-pik.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Pays-Bas"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "jongeheer"
    },
    {
      "word": "leuter"
    },
    {
      "word": "lid"
    },
    {
      "word": "lul"
    },
    {
      "word": "piemel"
    },
    {
      "word": "plasser"
    },
    {
      "word": "snikkel"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Mots en polonais issus d’un mot en français",
    "Noms communs en polonais",
    "polonais"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "pikowy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Du français pic ou pique."
  ],
  "lang": "Polonais",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "raw_tags": [
    "masculin inanimé"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Exemples en polonais",
        "Exemples en polonais à traduire",
        "Lexique en polonais de la géographie"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Szczytem marzeń każdego alpinisty jest zdobycie Piku Komunizmu."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pic, sommet."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geography"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Exemples en polonais",
        "Exemples en polonais à traduire",
        "Lexique en polonais des cartes à jouer"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Miałem w ręku pięć pików."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pique."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Cartes à jouer"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\pʲik\\"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pik.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav/LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-pik.wav.ogg",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Będzin (Pologne)"
      ],
      "wav_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pik.wav"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "wino"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Lemmes en tchèque",
    "Mots en tchèque issus d’un mot en français",
    "Noms communs en tchèque",
    "tchèque"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "pikový"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_texts": [
    "Du français pique."
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piků",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikům",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "accusative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piku",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "picích",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikem",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "piky",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tchèque",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "pos_title": "Nom commun",
  "raw_tags": [
    "masculin inanimé"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Exemples en tchèque",
        "Exemples en tchèque à traduire",
        "Lexique en tchèque des cartes à jouer"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "měl v ruce jen piky a kule."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Pique."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Cartes à jouer"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "pik"
}

Download raw JSONL data for pik meaning in All languages combined (5.2kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-02 from the frwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.